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The oldest known sex chromosome in beast has been discovered , pushing back the engagement for the phylogeny of sex chromosomes to between 248 million and 455 million years ago .
The ancient chromosome was found inoctopusand squid , suggesting that these may have been among the first beast to determine their sexuality via genetic blueprint , instead of environmental cues .
Octopus and squid appear to have evolved sex chromosomes at least 248 million years ago.
Sex chromosome are standard in mammalian . In humanity , the sex chromosome are X and Y. Males usually have an XTC and a Y chromosome , while female person have two Xs , although there are some variations , such as XXX or XXY , which can have a all-encompassing chain of encroachment from no effect at all to certain learning disabilities or neurological divergence .
For a long clock time , research worker were n’t indisputable whether cephalopod mollusk , the soft - embodied mollusc that admit squid and octopuses , regulate their sex activity with chromosomes . Mollusks have a miscellany of way to care reproduction , include hermaphroditism or sequential hermaphroditism , in which soul trade sexes over time .
Octopuses stick by to one sex , but it was n’t clear whether genes or environmental clue determine what sex that would be . In some reptiles and fish , factors like temperature decide the gender of offspring .
Researchers discovered the chromosome after completing the full gene sequence of the California two-spot octopus.
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In 2015 , researcher completed the first full factor sequence of a cephalopod , the California two - spot devilfish ( Octopus bimaculoides ) . That sequence still included crack , though , so a team led byAndrew Kern , a biologist at the University of Oregon , set about filling them in with high - fidelity sequencing .
They soon noticed that one chromosome , chromosome 17 , seemed less filled - out with gene than the other chromosomes in their chronological sequence . Because they had sequence a distaff octopus , they compare their results to the earlier individual , a male . In the lawsuit of the male person , chromosome 17 looked no less populated than other chromosomes in the devilfish .
This was a cue that chromosome 17 might have something to do with gender remainder . To confirm , the squad sequence four more octopuses , two male and two female , and confirmed that female have just one copy of chromosome 17 , while males have two . Thus , they interpret the octopus sex chromosomes not as XY and XX as in homo , but as ZZ and Z0 .
The researchers then compared their devilfish genome to the genome of three other octopus species , three mintage of squid , and the chambered nautilus ( Nautilus pompilius ) .
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They found the ZZ / Z0 approach pattern in the squid and the octopus , but not in the nautilus , a more distantly related species . This indicate that the sexual urge chromosome evolved after the split between the nautilus line and the agate line lead to modern calamary and octopus , which occur between 455 million and 248 million age ago .
" This is an astoundingly long time for a sexual urge chromosome to be bear on , " the researchers write in their newspaper , which is now available pre - peer review on the preprint websiteBioArxiv .
Prior to this inquiry , the oldest confirmed sex chromosome was in sturgeon fish , according toNature News , with an historic period of about 180 million years .
